informally. The oldest known MS of the LXX is a fragmentary papyrus of Deuteronomy 25–28 in the John Rylands University Library, Manchester, of date c. 150 B.C. From the same century comes another papyrus fragment of the Gr. Deuteronomy in Cairo. The Qumran and neighboring caves have also yielded several LXX fragments. With these exceptions, all the LXX MSS that have come down to us were copied and preserved by Christians, not Jews. When the Hebrew text of Scripture was standardized c. A.D. 100,